Declaration specifiers

The public specifier¶

All structures in Spice, that are accessible from outside the module (like functions, procedures, structs, etc.), have private visibility per default. That means that they can't be accessed from outside the module from a source file, that imported the file, where the structures live. If you need to access e.g. a struct from outside the module, you need to attach the specifier public to it.

Applicable for¶

• Functions
• Procedures
• Global variables
• Structs
• Struct fields
• Enums
• Interfaces
• Interface signatures

Example¶

Source file a (a.spice):

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public p visibleProcedure() {
    printf("Hello World!");
}

Source file b (b.spice):

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import "a" as a;

f<int> main() {
    a.visibleProcedure(); // This only works if the procedure 'visibleProcedure' is public
}

By having private visibility per default, Spice encourages the programmer to adhere to the information hiding principle and expose only the things, that need to be exposed to other modules.

The inline specifier¶

The inline specifier can be used for functions and procedures to mark them as inlineable for the compiler explicitly. By marking a function or procedure as inlineable, the compiler is forced to always inline it.

Applicable for¶

• Functions
• Procedures

Example¶

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inline p printHelloWorld() {
    printf("Hello World!");
}

f<int> main() {
    printHelloWorld();
}

corresponds to:

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f<int> main() {
    printf("Hello World!");
}

The const specifier¶

This specifier can be used to make variables immutable after the first assignment.

Applicable for¶

• Local variables
• Global variables
• Functions
• Procedures

Example¶

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const int THIS_IS_A_CONSTANT = 101;

f<int> main() {
    THIS_IS_A_CONSTANT++; // Will give a compiler error
}

The signed specifier¶

Marks a numeric variable to use signed numbers explicitly.

Applicable for¶

• Local variables
• Global variables
• Struct fields

Example¶

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f<int> main() {
    signed int signedInt = -0x567;
}

The unsigned specifier¶

Marks a numeric variable to use unsigned numbers explicitly.

Applicable for¶

• Local variables
• Global variables
• Struct fields

Example¶

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f<int> main() {
    unsigned int unsignedInt = -0x567; // Will wrap around
}

The heap specifier¶

Marks a variable to be allocated on the heap. The compiler will generate code to free the memory of the variable, when it goes out of scope. For structs, the compiler will generate code to free all fields, that are marked with the heap keyword, in the dtor.

Note: The heap specifier only works for pointer types. This is enforced by the compiler.

Applicable for¶

• Local variables
• Struct fields

Example¶

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type TestStruct struct {
    heap int* ptr
}

The compose specifier¶

Includes a struct info the current strut. This is useful for composing structs from other structs.

Note: The compose specifiers only works for by-value struct types. This is enforced by the compiler.

Applicable for¶

• Struct fields

Example¶

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type A struct {
    int f1
}

type B struct {
    compose A a
    int f2
}